Kudzora kutengeswa kwemadrone kunze kwenyika kwave kuchiwedzera mumakore achangopfuura. Makambani mazhinji akarangwa nekuti haana kunzwisisa mitemo iyi. Unoda rezinesi rekutumira madrone kunze kwenyika rinoshandiswa kaviri here? Chinyorwa chino chinotsanangura miganhu yekudzora uye chinopa maitiro ekuzviongorora nhanho nhanho.
I. Unoda rezinesi here? Mhinduro: zvinoenderana nematanho, kwete mashandisirwo azvo
Makambani mazhinji anotenda zvisirizvo kuti madrone evatengi kana ekurima "haashande zvakanaka" saka haadi rezinesi. Uku kufungidzira kusina kunaka.
Pasi peMutemo weKudzora Kutengeswa Kwezvinhu Zviviri, Mitemo yeKudzora Kutengeswa Kwezvinhu Zviviri, uye Katalogi yeKudzora Zvinhu Zviviri ye2026 yakaburitswa neChiziviso Nhamba 91 che2025 cheMinistry of Commerce and General Administration of Customs, kudzora kutengeswa kwezvidhori zvisina madrone kwakavakirwa pahunyanzvi hwekugadzira- kwete pakushandiswa kwaunoda. Michina yekurima, yekutora mifananidzo yemudenga, kana yemadrone evatengi inofanira kuwana rezinesi kana zviyero zvavo zvichisangana nemiganhu yekudzora.
China inoshandisa nzira yekudzora zvinhu zviviri:
- 1. Ndege dzisina madhirowa dzinoshandiswa nemauto(semuenzaniso kuongorora, kurwisa) → zvinoda rezenisi yekutumira zvinhu kunze kwenyika yemauto;
- 2. Ndege dzisina madhirowa dzevanhuwo zvavo(nemitoro yavo inotsigira pamwe nezvikamu) zvinosangana nezvinodiwa zvehunyanzvi → zvinoda rezenisi rekutengesa zvinhu netekinoroji.
II. Chii chinofukidzwa? Mapoka matanhatu anotariswa rimwe nerimwe
Zvinoenderana neExport Control List of Dual-Use Items of the People's Republic of China uye Catalogue for the Administration of Import and Export Licenses for Dual-Use Items and Technologies (2026 Edition), nzvimbo yekudzora madrone nezvimwe zvinhu zvine chekuita nazvo inosanganisira mapoka makuru matanhatu, rimwe nerimwe rine miganho yakajeka yehunyanzvi.
(1) Madrone akazara
Kutengeswa kweDrone kunze kwenyika kunofukidzwa nemakodhi maviri makuru ekudzora - 9A012 na9A501muDual-Use Export Control List. Mota yemudenga isina mutyairi (kusanganisira ngarava dzemudenga dzisina mutyairi) inodzorwa kana ikasangana nechero ipi zvayoyezvikamu zvehunyanzvi zvinotevera:
| Mamiriro eparamita | Mwero chaiwo |
|---|---|
| Mamiriro ekutsungirira 1 | Kutsungirira kwakanyanya pakati pemaminitsi makumi matatu (kusanganisira) neawa imwe chete, uye inokwanisa kusimuka zvakanaka uye kubhururuka zvine simba pasi pemhepo ine simba re46.3 km/h (mafundo makumi maviri nemashanu) kana kupfuura |
| Mamiriro ekutsungirira 2 | Kutsungirira kwakanyanya kwakaenzana kana kupfuura awa imwe chete |
| Range | Nzvimbo yakaenzana kana kupfuura 300 km (inoenderana nekodhi yekudzora 9A501) |
| Sisitimu yekuparadzira | Yakashongedzerwa, kana kuti yakagadzirirwa kushongedzerwa, sisitimu yekuparadzira aerosol yemarita makumi maviri kana kupfuura, uye inokwanisa kubhururuka yega kana kudzora kupfuura mafambiro ekuona (BVR). |
| Injini | Yakaiswa injini yendege yakatsaurirwa ine simba guru rinoenderera mberi rinodarika 16 kW |
Chiziviso chekuregererwa: Ndege dzemhando yepamusoro dzakagadzirirwa varaidzo kana makwikwi chete hadzina kudzorwa zvizere ne9A501. Zvisinei, kana mhando dzakadaro dzikachinjwa kuti dzisangane nechero yezvinodiwa pamusoro apa, dzinoda rezinesi.
(2) Mitoro yakatsaurirwa
Mitoro yepamusoro-soro yakagadzirirwa maUAV anodzorwa yakanyorwa zvakasiyana mukatarogu yekudzora nekuti inogona kusimudzira zvakananga kuongorora kwemauto, kutora chinangwa, kana kugona kurwisa nemazvo.Zvingave zvakatumirwa kunze kwenyika zvakasiyana kana pamwe chete nedrone yakazara, hazvifanirwe kutumirwa kunze kwenyika pasina rezinesi.
Mhando ina huru dzinodzorwa ndeidzi:
- Midziyo yemifananidzo ye infrared: kureba kwemhepo kuri pakati pe780 nm ne30,000 nm, uye nzvimbo yekuona instantaneous (IFOV) iri pasi pe2.5 milliradians;
- Radar yekuvhura yakagadzirwa (SAR): nzvimbo yekushanda inodarika 5 km, ine resolution yestrip-mode iri nani kupfuura 0.3 m, kana resolution yespotlight-mode iri nani kupfuura 0.1 m;
- Malaser ekugadzira chinangwa: inokwanisa kushanda zvakatsiga patembiricha dziri pamusoro pe55 °C, isina tembiricha inodzorwa, ine simba rekurova kwemoyo rimwe chete >80 mJ, kugadzikana kuri nani pane 15%, uye kusiyana kwemwenje <0.3 milliradians;
- Midziyo yekuyera inertial yakanyatsojeka: kururama kwemusoro <2 madhigirii, kururama kwemaonero <0.5 madhigirii, uye kugadzikana <0.1 madhigirii.
(3) Zvikamu zvepakati
Zvikamu zvepakati zvinogona kushandiswa zvakananga kugadzirisa kana kuunganidza maUAV anodzorwa, kana kuwedzera mashandiro awo akakosha, zvinosanganisirwa mune runyorwa rwekutonga rwa2026.Chinyorwa chegore ra2026 chichangobva kuwedzera "midziyo nezvinhu zvakagadzirirwa kugadzirisa ndege dzine vanhu kuita maUAV anodzorwa" kune chikero chekudzora.
Zvikamu zvepakati zvinodzorwa nguva dzose zvinosanganisira:
- Injini dzendege dzakatsaurirwa dzine simba guru rinoenderera mberi rinodarika 16 kW;
- Mavhiri ekutyaira ndege anonyatsoongorora zviri kuitika;
- Magyroscope nezvimwe zvinhu zvine chekuita nazvo.
(4) Midziyo yekurwisa UAV
Masisitimu ekurwisa UAV ehurumende akabatanidzwa muchirongwa chekuzivisa kunze kwenyika zvinhu zvine chekuita neUAV. Vatengesi vekunze vanofanirwa kutevedzera zvinodiwa zvekuzivisa zviri muChiziviso Nhamba 78 cha2026 neGeneral Administration of Customs. Zvinofanira kucherechedzwa kuti Chiziviso Nhamba 78 chinonyanya kukosha.inogadzirisa maitiro ekuzivisa kutumira kunze kwenyika(sekuzadza "kodhi yekuzivikanwa kwezvinhu zvakarambidzwa/zvinodzorwa" uye "zvinhu zvekuzivisa zvinhu zvakarambidzwa/zvinodzorwa") - hazviratidzi mamiriro ekudzora ega. Kana mudziyo we-counter-UAV uri chinhu chakadzorwa zvichiri kufanira kutariswa zvichienderana nemiganhu chaiyo yehunyanzvi iri muExport Control List yeZvinhu Zvinoshandiswa Kaviri.
(5) Kudzora mamiriro ezvinhu akakosha
Kunyangwe kana drone isina kunyorwa mukatalogu yekudzora, kutumira kunze kwenyika hakubvumidzwe kana mutengesi kunze kwenyikaanoziva kana kuti anofanira kuzivakuti zvinhu izvi zvichashandiswa pakuparadzira zvombo zvinoparadza vanhu vakawanda, mabasa emagandanga, kana zvinangwa zvehondo.
(6) Kudzora kwenyika dzakasiyana
Chiziviso Nhamba 46 chegore ra2024 chakaitwa neBazi rezveMabhizimisi chinotaura pachena kuti:Kutumira zvinhu zvinoshandiswa kaviri kune vanoshandisa mauto eUS kana kuti kune vanoshandisa mauto eUS hakubvumidzwe.Muchokwadi, kutengeswa kwezvinhu zvegallium, germanium, antimony, uye zvinhu zvine chekuita nezvinhu zviviri zvine chekuita negrafiti hazvitenderwe kuUS; pazvinhu zvegrafiti zvine chekuita nekushandisa kaviri, ongororo dzakasimba dzinoshanda kune vashandisi vekupedzisira uye kune zvinoshandiswa pakupedzisira.
III. Kuzviongorora kwematanho mashanu (Yeuka: kutanga nerezinesi, kutumira gare gare)
Danho 1: Tarisa chigadzirwa chako uchienzanisa nerondedzero yekudzora
Kutanga, enzanisa parameters dzehunyanzvi dzechigadzirwa chako neExport Control List yeDual-Use Items yePeople's Republic of China neCatalogue for the Administration of Import and Export Licenses for Dual-Use Items and Technologies (2026 Edition).
Nzvimbo dzekutarisa dzinokosha: kutsungirira, kuramba mhepo, nzvimbo yekudzora, kana mitoro yakakosha inotakurwa, nzvimbo yekudzora, nezvimwewo.Makodhi eHS ndeekutarisa tsika chete uye haasi ekusarudza- kudiwa kwerezinesi kwaonekwanematanho chaiwo ehunyanzviyechigadzirwa.
Chinyorwa chakakosha:Makodhi eHS anorongwa zvichienderana nehuremu hwepamusoro hwekusimuka, nepo makodhi ekudzora kutumira kunze achishandisa zviyero zvakasiyana zvachose zvehunyanzvi. Madrone maviri ane huremu hwakafanana hwekusimuka anogona kuwira pasi pemakodhi ekudzora akasiyana nekuda kwekusiyana kwekutsungirira; zvinopesana, madrone maviri ane huremu hwakasiyana kwazvo hwekusimuka anogona kuwira pasi pekodhi imwechete yekudzora.
Danho rechipiri: Ongorora mushandisi wekupedzisira uye mushandisi wekupedzisira
Kuti vaone kana chigadzirwa chichidzorwa, makambani haafanire kungovimba nerunyorwa rwezvinotarisirwa uye katalogu chete - vanofanirawo kuitaongororo yakakwana yevashandisi vekupedzisira uye yekushandisa kwekupedzisiraZvimwe zvinhu zvisingasvike pamiganhu yehunyanzvi yakanyorwa zvinogona kuramba zvichidzorwa zvichienderana nemamiriro ezvinhu chaiwo ekushandiswa kwekupedzisira kana emushandisi wekupedzisira.
Danho rechitatu: Kana usina chokwadi, bvunza nekukurumidza
Kana usingakwanise kuona kana chinhu chaunoda kutumira kunze chiri chinhu chinodzorwa, unogona kutumira chikumbiro chekubvunzana kuburikidza nechikamu che "Dual-Use Items and Technology Import/Export Approval" chiri pawebhusaiti yebasa rehurumende yeMinistry of Commerce online. Paunenge uchikumbira kubvunzana, unofanirwa kupa zvirevo zvekushanda, mashandisirwo makuru, uye zvikonzero nei usingakwanise kuona mamiriro ekudzora.
Danho rechina: Kana zvichidzorwa, nyorera rezinesi
Kana chinhu changosimbiswa kuti chave kudzorwa, munhu anotumira kunze anofanira kunyorera kuBazi rezvekutengeserana kuburikidza nebazi rezvekutengeserana redunhu, kuzadza fomu rekunyorera zvinhu zvinoshandiswa kaviri uye kutumira kunze tekinoroji, uye kuendesa magwaro anodiwa.Rezenisi inodiwa usati watumira, kutamisa, kana kutumira zvinhu zvinoshandiswa kaviri kunze kwenyika.
Chinyorwa chinoshanda:Kana odha imwe chete iine mamodheru akawanda anowira pasi pemakodhi akasiyana ekudzora (semuenzaniso, drone yeindasitiri iri pasi pe9A012 uye drone yekurima iri pasi pe9A501), unofanirwa kunyorera marezenisi akasiyana ekodhi yega yega yekudzora - haagone kusanganiswa. Kana drone iine mutoro unodzorwa unobviswa, drone nemutoro wekubhadhara zvinofanirwawo kupihwa rezenisi zvakasiyana.
Danho rechishanu: Taura chokwadi kutsika
Sekureva kweChiziviso Nhamba 78 chegore ra2026 neGeneral Administration of Customs (kubva musi wa30 Chikumi 2026), vanotumira kunze kwenyika vanofanira kutaura chokwadi kucustoms. Kune zvinhu zvinodzorwa, koramu ye "Remarks" yekuzivisa kwecustoms inofanira kutaura kuti "Ichi chinhu chinodzorwa nekutengeswa kunze kwenyika" uye inyore kodhi yekudzora kutumira kunze inoshandiswa kaviri. Kune zvinhu zvisingadzorwi asi zvine hunhu hwazvo huri pedyo nemiganhu, koramu ye "Remarks" inofanira kutaura kuti "Ichi hachisi chinhu chinodzorwa nekutengeswa kunze kwenyika."
Vatengesi vezvinhu kunze kwenyika vanofanirawo kutevedzera zviri mu "Single Window" system kuti vazadze "kodhi yekuzivikanwa kwezvinhu zvakarambidzwa/zvinodzorwa" uye "zvinhu zvekuzivisa zvinhu zvakarambidzwa/zvinodzorwa" nezviratidzo zvehunyanzvi.
IV. Migumisiro yacho yakakomba zvakadini? Usazvidya mwoyo
Kumanikidzwa kwemitemo nemakambani ezvemitero pazvinhu zvinoshandiswa kaviri kwave kuri kuwedzera. Nyaya dzekutengeswa kwezvinhu zvinoshandiswa kaviri zvisiri pamutemo dziri kuwedzera nekukurumidza, uye pakati padzo, nyaya dzinosanganisira madrone nezvikamu zvawo dzawedzera zvakanyanya.
Zvirango zvehutungamiriri: Kutumira zvinhu zvinodzorwa kunze kwenyika usina rezinesi kunobhadhariswa faindi pasi peChikamu 34 cheMutemo weKudzora Kutengeswa Kunze kwenyika. Muchokwadi, kwave nezviitiko apo makambani akashandisa e-commerce inoyambuka miganhu (semuenzaniso, 9610 mode) kutumira zvinhu zvinodzorwa kunze kwenyika uye akarangwa kunyangwe kana kutengeserana zvisiri pamutemo kwaingova paRMB 20,000 chete.
Mhosva yemhosva: Kana munhu anotumira kunze kwenyika nemaune achitumira kunze madrone asina rezenisi uye kukosha kwawo kuchidarika RMB 200,000, zvinogona kuva mhosva yekutumira zvinhu zvisiri pamutemo zvinorambidzwa kupinza/kutumira kunze kwenyika, zvichirangwa nekugara mujeri kwemakore mashanu kana kuvharirwa, nefaindi kana pasina; kana kukosha kwacho kuchidarika RMB miriyoni imwe chete kana paine zvimwe zvinhu zvinoomesa musoro, chirango chacho chingave makore mashanu kana kupfuura mujeri, pamwe nefaindi.
Zvakakosha: Kupa kambani inotakura zvinhu kana kambani yekutengesa zvinhu basa rekutarisira kuburitswa kwemitengo hakuregi mutengesi kubva pamabasa ake ekutevedzera mitemo. Mutengesi anofanira kuzivisa mumiriri zviri pachena nezvemamiriro ezvinhu ari kutarisirwa, kuongorora zviri mukuzivisa, uye kusambofa akafunga kuti "rega mutengesi azvigadzirise".
V. Pfupiso yekutevedzera mitemo yemakambani
1. Sarudza mamiriro ekudzora usati wagamuchira odha- usavimba nezvakaitika kare; tarisa kwete 9A012 chete asiwo 9A501.
2. Gadzira maitiro akavharwa e"kusimbiswa kwema parameter → ongororo yemushandisi wekupedzisira → kubvumidzwa kwekutevedzera mitemo".
3. Kana parameters dzisina chokwadi,bvunzai Bazi rezveMabhizimisi nekukurumidza- usambofa wakatumira ngarava usina kungwarira.
4. Usambofa wakanyengera zvidzivirironekuparadzanisa zvinhu zvinotumirwa kana kutaura zvisirizvo mazita ezvigadzirwa.
5. Kunemaodha akaomarara anosanganisira mamodheru akawanda kana madrone akazara ane mitoro inobhadharwa, ronga hurongwa hwako hwekupatsanura rezinesi pachine nguva.
Kuteerera mitemo hakusi mutoro- inodzivirira kukura kwebhizinesi kwenguva refu. Mumamiriro ezvinhu akaomarara epasi rose ekushandisa zvinhu zviviri, kuvaka hurongwa hwakasimba hwekutevedzera mitemo yekutumira zvinhu kunze ndiyo nzira huru yekuti vanotumira zvinhu kunze kwenyika vabudirire kwenguva refu.
Nguva yekutumira: Chikunguru-15-2026